Representative LC/UV chromatogram under typical analytical conditions (C18 column; mobile phase: 5–100% ACN / H2O (0.05% H3PO4), linear gradient 20 min; flow rate: 0.2 mL/min; detection: 210 nm).
NMR Spectral Data
Representative 1H NMR (500 MHz) spectrum confirming the structure of Penicillide. Representative 13C NMR (125 MHz) spectrum supporting structural assignment of Penicillide.
Source Organism
Penicillium sp.
Summary
Penicillide is a fungal depsidone metabolite that inhibits ACAT and affects cholesterol esterification.
Details
Penicillide is a depsidone-type secondary metabolite frequently isolated from Penicillium and Talaromyces species and recognized as the founder compound of the penicillide family. It has been studied for its inhibitory activity against acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), a key enzyme in cholesterol esterification and foam-cell formation. Structure-activity studies of acylated derivatives revealed that small acyl substitutions enhance ACAT inhibitory potency and selectivity in macrophage models. Beyond lipid-metabolism research, penicillide derivatives exhibit antifungal and ecological bioactivities, supporting a potential role in fungal defense. Penicillide therefore represents a useful scaffold for studying cholesterol metabolism and fungal secondary metabolite diversification.