Penstyrylpyrone

Penstyrylpyrone is a styrylpyrone-type secondary metabolite isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. JF-55. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a negative regulator of insulin signaling, highlighting its relevance to metabolic disease research. In macrophage models, penstyrylpyrone suppresses nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression. These anti-inflammatory effects are mediated through suppression of NF-?B activation and are associated with induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Penstyrylpyrone therefore represents a dual-function probe linking metabolic regulation and inflammatory signaling pathways.